Källförteckning

20.8.2025

  1. Azzopardi D, Haswell LE, Frosina J, McEwan M, Gale N, Thissen J, Meichanetzidis F, Hardie G. (2022). Biomarkers of Exposure and Potential Harm in Exclusive Users of Nicotine Pouches and Current, Former, and Never Smokers: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Clinical Study. JMIR Res Protoc., 11(10). doi: 10.2196/39785


  1. Azzopardi, D., Liu, C., & Murphy, J. (2021). Chemical characterization of tobacco-free “modern” oral nicotine pouches and their position on the toxicant and risk continuums. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 45(5), 2246–2254. doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2021.1925691


  1. Back, S., Masser, A.E., Rutqvist, L.E. et al. (2023). Harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in two novel nicotine pouch products in comparison with regular smokeless tobacco products and pharmaceutical nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs). BMC Chemistry 17, 9. doi.org/10.1186/s13065-023-00918-1


  1. BAT (2024). Omni Report: Consumer research on reduced-risk products. London: British American Tobacco


  1. Europol (2025). European Union Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment - The changing DNA of serious and organised crime, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/EU-SOCTA-2025.pdf


  1. Eurostat. (2023). Daily smoking rates in the European Union by country. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/


  1. Eurostat. (2024). Cancer statistics - specific cancers - lung cancer. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/


  1. Snusforumet (2024). Swedish government looks to slash taxes on snus, raise tax on cigarettes. https://snusforumet.se/en/swedish-government-looks-to-slash-taxes-on-snus-raise-tax-on-cigarettes/


  1. Kiviniemi, M. T., & Kozlowski, L. T. (2015). Deficiencies in public understanding about tobacco harm reduction: Results from a United States national survey. Harm Reduction Journal, 12, 21. doi.org/10.1186/s12954-015-0055-0


  1. KPMG (2025). Illicit cigarette consumption in Europe 2024. https://www.pmi.com/resources/docs/default-source/itp/illicit-cigarette-consumption-in-europe-2024


  1. Ministry of Finance Finland (2025). Lausuntopyyntö luonnoksesta hallituksen esitykseksi eduskunnalle laeiksi tupakkaverosta annetun lain ja valmisteverotuslain muuttamisesta. https://www.lausuntopalvelu.fi/


  1. New Zealand Ministry of Health. (2023). New Zealand Health Survey 2022/23: Daily smoking rates. Wellington: Ministry of Health. https://www.health.govt.nz/statistics-research/surveys/new-zealand-health-survey


  1. Office for National Statistics. (2023). Adult smoking habits in the UK. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare


  1. Philip Morris International. (2025). Growing scientific and regulatory consensus on tobacco harm reduction: PMI Science. https://www.pmi.com/sustainability/growing-scientific-and-regulatory-consensus-on-smoke-free-products


  1. Page MK, Leigh NJ, Block AC, Marrano PH, Travers MB, Adrover JE, Maley GE, Koenig LA, Salem EM, Heldwein SD, Goniewicz ML. (2025). Comparison of Nicotine and Selected Flavorings Content Between Tobacco-Free and Tobacco-Containing Oral Pouches. Nicotine Tob Res. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntaf105


  1. Public Health England. (2020). Research and analysis. Vaping in England: 2020 evidence update summary. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/


  1. Rensch, T., Renz, A., & Azzopardi, D. (2023). Reduction in biomarkers of exposure after switching from cigarettes to tobacco-free oral nicotine pouches: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 63(11), 1234–1245. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.2345


  1. Reuters (2025). Criminals turn to drones and social media to sell illegal cigarettes. https://www.reuters.com/world/criminals-turn-drones-social-media-sell-illegal-cigarettes-2025-06-11/


  1. Royal College of Physicians. (2016). Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction. London: RCP. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/nicotine-without-smoke-tobacco-harm-reduction


  1. Ruokolainen, O., Ollila, H. & Härkänen,T. (2024). Nicotine pouch use by sex, school type and tobacco product use among Finnish adolescents during the 2023 change in regulatory scheme with deregulated sales. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16585


  1. Smoke Free Sweden. (2023). The Swedish experience: A roadmap to a smoke-free Europe. Stockholm: Smoke Free Sweden. https://www.smokefreesweden.org


  1. FDA Food and Drug Administration (2017). FDA’s Comprehensive Approach to Nicotine and Tobacco. https://www.fda.gov


  1. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) (2018). Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products. World Health Organization. https://fctc.who.int/protocol


  1. World Bank (2019). Confronting Illicit Tobacco Trade: A Global Review of Country Experiences. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/


  1. WSMP Group (2023). Empty Can Survey Finland


  1. Yle Uutiset (2025). Nikotiiniuudistus epäonnistui: rahat valuvat Ruotsiin, haitat jäävät Suomeen. https://yle.fi/a/74-20155173


  2. Yle Uutiset (2025). Nikotiinipusseja ei voi myydä verkossa laillisesti – Suomessa toimii kuitenkin edelleen yksi alan yrittäjä, Suomenkieliset nikotiinipussien verkkokaupat eivät toimi tupakkalain mukaisesti. https://yle.fi/a/74-20139698